Tuesday, September 3, 2024

Numerical Solution to Strings Theory. 😇

Dynamic Foam is the Numerical solution to solve String Theory vs Analytically. Simply because Voronoi already has the basic String-fibers, read edges. 


They only need be tied into Knots. ðŸª¢


 Voronoi ☯ Delaunay 

Kaluza-Klein theories (an important precursor to string theory) shows how you can get Electro-Magnetism from Einstein's GR if you assume an extra (5th) dimension which is a circle (Torus). A particle moving around this circle (i.e. with momentum in the 5th dimension) appears to a 4-dimensional observer (us) to have electric charge. It is quantised because the circle has a finite size.






*The Red cells contain a sharp < 90° angle where the distribution
of the pressure (flow) in the edges is cut-off.

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Short Recap:

Markov-Chains in Voro-X calculate the pressure-flow for each edge based on the number of connections. It's like Google’s Page-rank looking for connected websites, as a result we get for each Voronoi-edge a value.


First we check the gates/angles if the are open or closed, based on the 90° angle rule:
> 90° is open
< 90° is closed


Next we calculate the connections:
(A) is open to (B) and (C)
(B) is open to (A) but closed to (C)
(C) is open to (A) but closed to (B)


We use a local connection-tree to calculate the value for each individual edge.


These values make their dual Delaunay-edges contract or expand, 
and as a result we get cells shrink or expand.

Sunday, July 28, 2024

Oscillating Particles Simulator

 A couple of months ago I got in touch with David Schoemehl who had a boids-simulator, and we turned it into an Oscillating Particles Simulator to test the idea of having a Voronoi-pattern self-emerge out of a random group of vibrating particles that expand- and contract Space.

https://gitlab.com/niceeffort/oscillating_particles


To run the program: 
• Download the GODOT Game engine: https://godotengine.org/
• Open the 'project.godot' file in the folder you can download from GitLab -> Code (blue button top right)
• Run the program via the 'clapperboard-play-button' at the top right.


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We did managed to get Voronoi-ish patterns (see videos): 




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Small recap: the idea was to have particles that vibrated (expand/contract) between size 1 -> 10 


When they expand they push other particles away, and when they contract they pull other particles towards them. (Attraction-Repulsion Forces)

The simulation would begin with a random distribution and the idea was that particles with the same timing would align, form groups and a Voronoi-Pattern would self-emerge.


The idea is similar to the Kuramoto Model, think of metronomes placed on a rolling plate that start synchronise:

“A mathematical model used in describing synchronization. More specifically, it is a model for the behavior of a large set of coupled oscillators.”



The difference with my model was that in the Kuramoto model particles adjust their period to each other, while mine they keep their fixed period*.

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The first results didn’t produce the desired result. Particles would contract into Voronoi-cells but each time they expanded, and contracted-back different new groups were formed. So the Voronoi-patterns weren't stable. 


To solve this we added two extra features:

1. Groups

The first feature made it possible to multiple groups of particles of which we can adjust: size, vibration rhythm and give each group a percentage of the total amount of particles. 


a) Large group (72%) of small Blue particles ; b) Small group (20%) of large White particles; c) Small group (8%) in-between sized Red particles.

Why multiple sized groups?

In the beginning Space is a dense medium wherein oscillations emerge randomly.


The first wave has all the freedom and can cover wider areas.
Second waves are limited by the pressure caused the first wave and covers smaller areas.



2. Random

The second feature was to have the option to have all particles vibrate randomly or in synchrony.


————————————

These two new features lead to two discoveries:

1. Buffers

We used groups of particles with different sizes of particles:
• Small Blue ones: vibrating-size between 2 - 3 (72%)
• Larger White ones, vibrating-size 3 - 7 (20%)

Because of Granular Convection the larger particles are pushed outside the group of small particles ...


… and form a Buffer between the cells:


These buffers prevent the smaller particles to contract each time into different cells, as a result we get stable cells.

———

2. Balancing vs Colliding Cells


In the simulation above with the buffers, the Blue-particles vibrate Random between 2 - 3

As a result one half the Blue-particles are expanding, while the others are contracting, and we get two vibration rhythms and a fluctuation between the two.

Both halfs of the group of Blue-particles keep each other in balance:

One is contracting vs the other is expanding.

The problem with this balancing-act is that it flattens out the pressure in the simulation. Everything wobbles and there’s no pressure generated in the edges, which is needed for my concept of a Dynamic Foam:

were there are pressure-currents in the edges that are cut-off when angles are < 90°:


and circuits are formed.


It made us realise that we needed to get the cells moving in sync and have them collide simultaneously, so we have each time a pressure peak in the edges, and pressure has to spread out through the edges, perpendicular to the cells. 

And this is exactly what happens when we Turn-off Random, see how the cells now collide:


There’s a tipping point above 1200 particles in this example, where the pressure is so high in the edges that we get 'crawler-errors', where the program 'mitigates' the overlapping particles.

It shows that pressure has to go somewhere (sideways through the edges).

———

Conclusion:

 We can get stable Voronoi-patterns, but the idea of keeping their fixed period is wrong for my project, particles should sync like the metronomes in the Kuramoto-model.

Two differences between the Kumamoto model are the second group of larger Buffer-particles that stabilise the cells and the Attraction-Repulsion Forces. 

When turning Random Off we get pressurised edges thanks to the colliding Voronoi-cells vs when Random is turned On, then the cells balance each other out.

The problem moving forward for this project are those ‘crawler-errors’ that don’t distribute the pressure correctly through the edges, so we'll need to shift back to a mesh approach or a shader ... 

To be continued.


————————————


Note:

These are the settings used in the video: 



What the different settings mean:
• Detection Distance: how far the attraction Force Works
• Max Velocity & Force Scale: how strong the Forces are applied
• Group Forces Only: let’s you choose if the forces work only within one group or also on the other groups
• Container Settings, Width/Hight: to define the size of the simulation area
• Wrap Particles: Periodic or non-periodic edges
• Render Mode: Different visualisation options
• Starging Parameters, particle Count, Number of Rows, Spacing: to set starting possition
• Random Start Phase - Size: To either give them all the same harmonious vibration or Random
• Particle Group: To set the % of the total amount of particles, their vibration size between a-b, color.
• Save Settings, Apply, Simulate: To save the changes and apply them, and run or stop the simulation.
• You can also adjust the number of particles at the top of the file "Parameters.gd"
var MAX_BOIDS = 20000

Thursday, July 4, 2024

Tweedle Dee - Tweedle Dum



 Random Vibrations vs Harmony

Pressure is Balanced Out vs Colliding



In this 3rd video there are as of 1:44 some different Rendering Modes:

Group Color : where each group-size of particle has it's color: White, Red & Blue
Single color: All particles in white
Period of the particles: Where they change color as they change in size (contract-attract/expand-push)
Density: mainly in Red
Size: Different tones of Yellow


The program is made in GODOT and will be posted soon on Git. Credit to David S. for the development and his foundation.

Friday, March 29, 2024

Dynamic Foam Emerging from a Gas of Vibrating Particles

 The hypothesis is that the Dynamic Foam ...

... can emerge out of a gas of particles that have an attraction-repulsion force that's in-sync with their vibrational rhythm. 

The particles are spherical solitons going back and forth in size: 1 <---> 10
Their colour changes depending on their state:  Red (1) <---> Yellow (10)


They repel their neighbours while expanding (+) vs attract when contracting (-)

• Two neighbours with different timing can be contracting and attracting each other, but when one starts to expand again before the other, it will push that neighbour away -> chaos

• Two neighbours with the same timing are in harmony and bounce together -> spherical or linear group

Random --> Voronoi


Linear formation and pulsing edges.


Spherical groups (credit to Rawdy):


The initial condition of the gas are particles with a random timing where some are expanding while others are contracting:


Think of this distribution model in Unity: 


The idea is similar to these Spin Wheels: 



But those particles synchronise, losing their fixed period, like metronomes placed on a rolling table:


While the ‘unique' thing of my model is that all the particles keep their fixed period, and as a result we 'might' get pulses in the edges of the Voronoi mesh.

Saturday, March 16, 2024

Mockups in Midjourney

So long story short I haven't been able to make any significant leap forward to boost up the simulator to a large scale, so I've switched now to make an animation of the whole concept and made some mockups in Midjourney. To be continued ...